Close

Phospho-seq: Integrated, multi-modal profiling of intracellular protein dynamics in single cells

John D. Blair, Austin Hartman, Fides Zenk, Carol Dalgarno, Barbara Treutlein, Rahul Satija

Posted on: 19 April 2023 , updated on: 21 August 2023

Preprint posted on 28 March 2023

Blair and colleagues present a novel scalable sequencing-based multi-omics technique callled Phospho-Seq that involves simultaneous measurement of chromatin accessibility and proteomics, followed by a computational integration of expression data.

Selected by Benjamin Dominik Maier

Background:

Profiling of proteins using “multiomic” technology

Multimodal omics techniques involve the simultaneous readout of multiple types of omics data (such as transcriptomics and proteomics) to generate a more comprehensive understanding of biological systems. The first generation of methods to quantify proteins alongside other omics modalities [see CITE-seq (Stoeckius et al., 2017), REAP-seq (Wong et al., 2022), DOGMA-seq (Mimitou et al., 2021) and TEA-seq (Swanson et al., 2021)] were limited to the detection of surface proteins. Although hematopoietic samples can be characterised very effectively with these methods, there is a need for experimental protocols to measure intracellular and intranuclear protein levels in order to inter alia identify signalling cascades and characterise disease states. Some pioneering approaches [see ASAP-seq (Mimitou et al., 2021), inCITE-seq (Chung et al., 2021), NEAT-seq (Chen et al., 2022) and QuRIE-seq (Rivello et al., 2021)] to measure proteins inside cells have been published recently.  However, they are limited in scalability due to reliance on commercially available conjugated antibodies and do not allow for trimodal readout in the same biological system.

Bridge Integration

The Satija lab recently published a preprint (Hao et al., 2022) to  computationally harmonise unimodal single-cell measurements from two omics modalities (RNA and protein, chromatin, histone, or methylation) using separate multi-omics datasets as molecular bridges. The bridge dataset measures both modalities simultaneously, enabling the mapping of single-omics datasets onto each other. This enables the study of relationships between multiple omics readouts and facilitates experimental designs, as multi-omic technologies may only be applied to a subset of the experimental samples while cheaper/high-quality single-omics can be performed for all samples. In this preprint, Blair and colleagues use bridge integration to integrate single cell transcriptomics readouts into Phospho-seq.

Fig. 1 Bridge Integration. Figure taken from Blair et al. (2023), BioRxiv published under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Key Findings

Benchtop Preparation of Barcoded Antibodies for Protein Staining

Phospho-seq adapts a benchtop conjugation strategy described in van Buggenum et al. (2016) to generate large custom uniquely-indexed DNA-bound antibody panels for protein staining. As this method is easy to use, cost-efficient and compatible with commercially available antibodies (unconjugated and conjugated), the approach is scalable and suitable for many experimental settings.

Phospho-Seq Workflow

Following dissociation, single cells are subjected to fixation to maintain structural integrity and detergent-based permeabilization enabling oligonucleotide-tagged (barcoded) antibodies to enter the nucleus and the cytoplasm to bind their target proteins. Single-stranded DNA binding protein is added to the antibody pool to prevent nonspecific binding of cellular components to the barcoded antibodies thereby reducing background noise.

Finally, scATAC seq is performed using the Tn5 transposase enzyme and the 10x scATAC-seq kit to identify regions of chromatin that are accessible to transcription factors and other regulatory proteins. The method involves the use of a transposase enzyme that can insert sequencing adapters into open chromatin regions, followed by sequencing to identify the location and accessibility of these regions across the genome.

Fig. 2 Phospho-Seq Workflow. Figure taken and from Blair et al. (2023), BioRxiv published under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license and converted into landscape orientation.

 

In order to improve cell annotation and construct gene regulatory networks, single cell transcriptomics data is required alongside chromatin accessibility and proteomics readouts. Initially, the authors tried to directly generate trimodal readout in Phospho-seq, however they observed a considerable decrease in data quality due to incompatible fixation and permeabilization conditions for RNA and ATAC readout. Hence, they used a recently developed computational approach, bridge integration, to map single cell transcriptomics data to the Phospho-seq data yielding high quality trimodal data.

Phospho-seq Measurements Improve Biological Understanding

The authors demonstrated that the proteomics readout alongside a chromatin accessibility measurement is suitable to distinguish cell types. For instance, they found that the segregation and differentiation capacity of different induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines can be better explained by their readout instead of epigenetic differences.

Moreover, different distributions of unphosphorylated and phosphorylated proteins were measured upon activation of a signalling cascade indicating that the readout can be used as a proxy for stimulation even when the total abundance of the proteins remained the same.

This is highly relevant as it was also shown in the preprint that for some transcription factors (TFs), phosphorylation levels of nuclear TFs correlated with its activity while no correlation was found between the total abundance and the activity. The authors therefore suggested that phosphorylated TF levels may be more informative with regards to TF activity and reflect cellular states. Finally, the authors demonstrated that Phospho-seq is applicable to a broad range of samples as could be seen by its suitability to cell cultures, iPSCs and organoids.

Conclusion and Perspective

This preprint builds upon recently published multiomics approaches, allowing for the simultaneous characterization of intranuclear, intracellular, and cell surface proteins alongside RNA levels and chromatin accessibility. This method can improve our understanding of intracellular protein dynamics and posttranslational modifications, which cannot be detected by transcriptomics approaches. Furthermore, the method can potentially be combined with other state-of-the-art sequence-based omics approaches to measure more modalities simultaneously. A fixation and permeabilization routine compatible with scATAC and scRNA sequencing techniques could enable direct simultaneous measurement replacing the bridge integration.

Recent advances in sequence-based single-cell transcriptomics have led to the emergence of numerous single-molecule protein sequencing and fingerprinting technologies. This might create the opportunity to study the diversity of proteoforms and to distinguish between different posttranslational modifications, alternative splicing and germline variants in the future.

What I liked about this preprint

It is inspiring to read a preprint in a pioneering field and to see how novel methods build and expand upon previous ones. I found it particularly interesting how the authors integrated their recently published bridge integration into Phospho-seq and how it can help to obtain multimodal data. Additionally, it is beneficial if a method follows the FAIR guidelines, making all machines, reagents, and datasets publicly available and accessible to the community.

References

Chen, A. F., Parks, B., Kathiria, A. S., Ober-Reynolds, B., Goronzy, J. J., & Greenleaf, W. J. (2022). NEAT-seq: simultaneous profiling of intra-nuclear proteins, chromatin accessibility and gene expression in single cells. Nature Methods, 19(5), 547–553. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-022-01461-y

Chung, H., Parkhurst, C. N., Magee, E. M., Phillips, D., Habibi, E., Chen, F., … Regev, A. (2021). Joint single-cell measurements of nuclear proteins and RNA in vivo. Nature Methods, 18(10), 1204–1212. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-021-01278-1

Hao, Y., Stuart, T., Kowalski, M., Choudhary, S., Hoffman, P., Hartman, A., … Satija, R. (2022). Dictionary learning for integrative, multimodal, and scalable single-cell analysis. BioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.24.481684

Kelly, R. T. (2020). Single-cell proteomics: Progress and prospects. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics: MCP, 19(11), 1739–1748. https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.R120.002234

Mimitou, E. P., Lareau, C. A., Chen, K. Y., Zorzetto-Fernandes, A. L., Hao, Y., Takeshima, Y., … Smibert, P. (2021). Scalable, multimodal profiling of chromatin accessibility, gene expression and protein levels in single cells. Nature Biotechnology, 39(10), 1246–1258. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-021-00927-2

Rivello, F., van Buijtenen, E., Matuła, K., van Buggenum, J. A. G. L., Vink, P., van Eenennaam, H., … Huck, W. T. S. (2021). Single-cell intracellular epitope and transcript detection reveals signal transduction dynamics. Cell Reports Methods, 1(5), 100070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100070

Stoeckius, M., Hafemeister, C., Stephenson, W., Houck-Loomis, B., Chattopadhyay, P. K., Swerdlow, H., … Smibert, P. (2017). Simultaneous epitope and transcriptome measurement in single cells. Nature Methods, 14(9), 865–868. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4380

Swanson, E., Lord, C., Reading, J., Heubeck, A. T., Genge, P. C., Thomson, Z., … Skene, P. J. (2021). Simultaneous trimodal single-cell measurement of transcripts, epitopes, and chromatin accessibility using TEA-seq. ELife, 10. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.63632

van Buggenum, J. A. G. L., Gerlach, J. P., Eising, S., Schoonen, L., van Eijl, R. A. P. M., Tanis, S. E. J., … Mulder, K. W. (2016). A covalent and cleavable antibody-DNA conjugation strategy for sensitive protein detection via immuno-PCR. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 22675. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22675

Wong, M., Kosman, C., Takahashi, L., & Ramalingam, N. (2022). Simultaneous quantification of single-cell proteomes and transcriptomes in integrated fluidic circuits. In Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). Methods in Molecular Biology (pp. 219–261). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1771-7_15

Tags: omics, proteomics, sequencing, single cell

doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/prelights.34400

Read preprint (No Ratings Yet)

Author's response

The author team shared

Q1: When reading your manuscript, I was wondering if it would be possible to adapt your protocol to study other posttranslational modifications such as glycosylations and which obstacles one would need to overcome before implementation? Additionally, I was thinking whether and how it would be possible to measure specific phosphosites and combinations of those?

As Phospho-seq is an antibody based assay, it should work with any post-translational modification that can be targeted with an antibody, whether it is glycosylated proteins, ubiquitinated proteins or multiple phospho-sites on the same protein. The adaptation would be simple – just conjugate your antibody with a known ssDNA index and include it in your antibody panel. The only obstacle for this, as well as any other protein one wishes to target, is finding an antibody with sufficient enough specificity. Specificity of antibodies in Phospho-seq is similar to other assays such as intracellular flow-cytometry (ICFC) or immunocytochemistry (ICC), so one can rely on the manufacturers data and/or verify specificity with one’s own controlled ICFC and ICC expierments.

Q2: Is it possible to accurately quantify lowly abundant species using Phospho-seq and if so, what is the detection limit?

As with ICFC and ICC, the lower detectable limits of Phospho-seq depends on antibody sensitivity and specificity. There is no consistent lower detection limit between proteins, so for some proteins, it is possible to accurately quantify lowly abundant species, however, for others it is not.

Q3: On page 8, you wrote: “Interestingly, we observed numerous cases where individual genes were regulated by multiple CREs, which were associated with different TFs. This included cases where putatively activating and repressive peaks were adjacently located within the same locus.” – Do you have any biological explanations for this observation?

Our results are compatible with numerous models of mammalian gene regulation that suggest that regulation is complex, context-specific, and dependent on multiple transcription factors (including both activators and repressors). While we did perform mechanistic hypothesis testing as part of this manuscript, we are excited to further explore this result – and in particular to test if there are specific interactions between TFs that may regulate adjacent CRE.

Q4: Phospho-seq is inspired by several previously published techniques, for instance by incorporating the fixation and permeabilization method from ASAP-Seq and the  single-stranded DNA binding protein blocking used in NEAT-seq. How can the insights from the development of Phospho-seq (incl.  bridge integration) help and inspire the development of new and the optimization of existing methods?

We believe that Phospho-seq is an adaptable technology and that the techniques within can be portioned and combined with other technologies for future discovery. For instance – while we use the 10X genomics platform for developing our libraries, all the steps up to loading the cells into a 10X chip should be compatible with many other single-cell technologies including Split-seq or sci-RNA. Additionally, spatial methods, like spatial-ATAC-seq should also be compatible with the fixation and staining steps of Phospho-seq. For optimizing existing methods, we believe the demonstration of cheap and easy antibody conjugation will allow users to expand their antibody panels and obtain more protein data from single-cell protein profiling technologies like inCITE-seq and NEAT-seq.

Rosenberg AB, et al. Single-cell profiling of the developing mouse brain and spinal cord with split-pool barcoding. Science. 2018 Apr 13;360(6385):176-182.
Cao J, et al. Comprehensive single-cell transcriptional profiling of a multicellular organism. Science. 2017 Aug 18;357(6352):661-667.
Deng, Y., Bartosovic, M., Ma, S. et al. Spatial profiling of chromatin accessibility in mouse and human tissues. Nature 609, 375–383 (2022).
Chung, H., Parkhurst, C.N., Magee, E.M. et al. Joint single-cell measurements of nuclear proteins and RNA in vivo. Nat Methods 18, 1204–1212 (2021).
Chen, A.F., Parks, B., Kathiria, A.S. et al. NEAT-seq: simultaneous profiling of intra-nuclear proteins, chromatin accessibility and gene expression in single cells. Nat Methods 19, 547–553 (2022).

Q5: With nanoPOTS and the tandem mass tag workflow SCoPE-MS, two mass spectroscopy-based techniques for single-cell proteomics have emerged recently. At the same time, we are observing rapid advances in miniaturised liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas-phase separation (see Kelly, 2020). What do you think will be the role of sequence-based and mass spectroscopy-based methods in the future? How do they complement each other?

Recent advances in single-cell proteomics are very exciting and as the technology improves and becomes more accessible, they will be integral in unbiasedly surveying the proteome. In contrast to Phospho-seq, the single-cell proteomics methods are unimodal, providing no information on genomic regulation or related processes, despite profiling more overall proteins. However,  we can use bridge integration to create more informative multimodal datasets as demonstrated in Hao, et al. (2023) by using a CITE-seq bridge to integrate unimodal CyTOF protein data with gene expression data. We believe that we can use Phospho-seq as a bridge between single-cell proteomics and genomic modalities.

Hao, Y. et al. Dictionary learning for integrative, multimodal, and scalable single-cell analysis. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.24.481684.

Have your say

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.

Sign up to customise the site to your preferences and to receive alerts

Register here

Also in the bioinformatics category:

Functional Diversity of Memory CD8 T Cells is Spatiotemporally Imprinted

Miguel Reina-Campos, Alexander Monell, Amir Ferry, et al.

Selected by 22 August 2024

Marina Schernthanner

Bioinformatics

Enhancer-driven cell type comparison reveals similarities between the mammalian and bird pallium

Nikolai Hecker , Niklas Kempynck , David Mauduit, et al.

Selected by 02 July 2024

Rodrigo Senovilla-Ganzo

Bioinformatics

Expressive modeling and fast simulation for dynamic compartments

Till Köster, Philipp Henning, Tom Warnke, et al.

Selected by 18 April 2024

Benjamin Dominik Maier

Systems Biology

Also in the genomics category:

A fine kinetic balance of interactions directs transcription factor hubs to genes

Apratim Mukherjee, Samantha Fallacaro, Puttachai Ratchasanmuang, et al.

Selected by 23 July 2024

Deevitha Balasubramanian

Genomics

Enhancer-driven cell type comparison reveals similarities between the mammalian and bird pallium

Nikolai Hecker , Niklas Kempynck , David Mauduit, et al.

Selected by 02 July 2024

Rodrigo Senovilla-Ganzo

Bioinformatics

Modular control of time and space during vertebrate axis segmentation

Ali Seleit, Ian Brettell, Tomas Fitzgerald, et al.

AND

Natural genetic variation quantitatively regulates heart rate and dimension

Jakob Gierten, Bettina Welz, Tomas Fitzgerald, et al.

Selected by 24 June 2024

Girish Kale, Jennifer Ann Black

Developmental Biology

Also in the molecular biology category:

The RNA binding protein HNRNPA2B1 regulates RNA abundance and motor protein activity in neurites

Joelle Lo, Katherine F. Vaeth, Gurprit Bhardwaj, et al.

Selected by 24 September 2024

Felipe Del Valle Batalla

Neuroscience

The role of ER exit sites in maintaining P-body organization and transmitting ER stress response during Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis

Samantha N. Milano, Livia V. Bayer, Julie J. Ko, et al.

Selected by 04 September 2024

Jonathan Townson

Cell Biology

Adult caudal fin shape is imprinted in the embryonic fin fold

Eric Surette, Joan Donahue, Stephanie Robinson, et al.

Selected by 28 August 2024

Isabella Cisneros

Developmental Biology

preLists in the bioinformatics category:

‘In preprints’ from Development 2022-2023

A list of the preprints featured in Development's 'In preprints' articles between 2022-2023

 



List by Alex Eve, Katherine Brown

9th International Symposium on the Biology of Vertebrate Sex Determination

This preList contains preprints discussed during the 9th International Symposium on the Biology of Vertebrate Sex Determination. This conference was held in Kona, Hawaii from April 17th to 21st 2023.

 



List by Martin Estermann

Alumni picks – preLights 5th Birthday

This preList contains preprints that were picked and highlighted by preLights Alumni - an initiative that was set up to mark preLights 5th birthday. More entries will follow throughout February and March 2023.

 



List by Sergio Menchero et al.

Fibroblasts

The advances in fibroblast biology preList explores the recent discoveries and preprints of the fibroblast world. Get ready to immerse yourself with this list created for fibroblasts aficionados and lovers, and beyond. Here, my goal is to include preprints of fibroblast biology, heterogeneity, fate, extracellular matrix, behavior, topography, single-cell atlases, spatial transcriptomics, and their matrix!

 



List by Osvaldo Contreras

Single Cell Biology 2020

A list of preprints mentioned at the Wellcome Genome Campus Single Cell Biology 2020 meeting.

 



List by Alex Eve

Antimicrobials: Discovery, clinical use, and development of resistance

Preprints that describe the discovery of new antimicrobials and any improvements made regarding their clinical use. Includes preprints that detail the factors affecting antimicrobial selection and the development of antimicrobial resistance.

 



List by Zhang-He Goh

Also in the genomics category:

BSCB-Biochemical Society 2024 Cell Migration meeting

This preList features preprints that were discussed and presented during the BSCB-Biochemical Society 2024 Cell Migration meeting in Birmingham, UK in April 2024. Kindly put together by Sara Morais da Silva, Reviews Editor at Journal of Cell Science.

 



List by Reinier Prosee

9th International Symposium on the Biology of Vertebrate Sex Determination

This preList contains preprints discussed during the 9th International Symposium on the Biology of Vertebrate Sex Determination. This conference was held in Kona, Hawaii from April 17th to 21st 2023.

 



List by Martin Estermann

Semmelweis Symposium 2022: 40th anniversary of international medical education at Semmelweis University

This preList contains preprints discussed during the 'Semmelweis Symposium 2022' (7-9 November), organised around the 40th anniversary of international medical education at Semmelweis University covering a wide range of topics.

 



List by Nándor Lipták

20th “Genetics Workshops in Hungary”, Szeged (25th, September)

In this annual conference, Hungarian geneticists, biochemists and biotechnologists presented their works. Link: http://group.szbk.u-szeged.hu/minikonf/archive/prg2021.pdf

 



List by Nándor Lipták

EMBL Conference: From functional genomics to systems biology

Preprints presented at the virtual EMBL conference "from functional genomics and systems biology", 16-19 November 2020

 



List by Jesus Victorino

TAGC 2020

Preprints recently presented at the virtual Allied Genetics Conference, April 22-26, 2020. #TAGC20

 



List by Maiko Kitaoka et al.

Zebrafish immunology

A compilation of cutting-edge research that uses the zebrafish as a model system to elucidate novel immunological mechanisms in health and disease.

 



List by Shikha Nayar

Also in the molecular biology category:

2024 Hypothalamus GRC

This 2024 Hypothalamus GRC (Gordon Research Conference) preList offers an overview of cutting-edge research focused on the hypothalamus, a critical brain region involved in regulating homeostasis, behavior, and neuroendocrine functions. The studies included cover a range of topics, including neural circuits, molecular mechanisms, and the role of the hypothalamus in health and disease. This collection highlights some of the latest advances in understanding hypothalamic function, with potential implications for treating disorders such as obesity, stress, and metabolic diseases.

 



List by Nathalie Krauth

BSCB-Biochemical Society 2024 Cell Migration meeting

This preList features preprints that were discussed and presented during the BSCB-Biochemical Society 2024 Cell Migration meeting in Birmingham, UK in April 2024. Kindly put together by Sara Morais da Silva, Reviews Editor at Journal of Cell Science.

 



List by Reinier Prosee

‘In preprints’ from Development 2022-2023

A list of the preprints featured in Development's 'In preprints' articles between 2022-2023

 



List by Alex Eve, Katherine Brown

CSHL 87th Symposium: Stem Cells

Preprints mentioned by speakers at the #CSHLsymp23

 



List by Alex Eve

9th International Symposium on the Biology of Vertebrate Sex Determination

This preList contains preprints discussed during the 9th International Symposium on the Biology of Vertebrate Sex Determination. This conference was held in Kona, Hawaii from April 17th to 21st 2023.

 



List by Martin Estermann

Alumni picks – preLights 5th Birthday

This preList contains preprints that were picked and highlighted by preLights Alumni - an initiative that was set up to mark preLights 5th birthday. More entries will follow throughout February and March 2023.

 



List by Sergio Menchero et al.

CellBio 2022 – An ASCB/EMBO Meeting

This preLists features preprints that were discussed and presented during the CellBio 2022 meeting in Washington, DC in December 2022.

 



List by Nadja Hümpfer et al.

EMBL Synthetic Morphogenesis: From Gene Circuits to Tissue Architecture (2021)

A list of preprints mentioned at the #EESmorphoG virtual meeting in 2021.

 



List by Alex Eve

FENS 2020

A collection of preprints presented during the virtual meeting of the Federation of European Neuroscience Societies (FENS) in 2020

 



List by Ana Dorrego-Rivas

ECFG15 – Fungal biology

Preprints presented at 15th European Conference on Fungal Genetics 17-20 February 2020 Rome

 



List by Hiral Shah

ASCB EMBO Annual Meeting 2019

A collection of preprints presented at the 2019 ASCB EMBO Meeting in Washington, DC (December 7-11)

 



List by Madhuja Samaddar et al.

Lung Disease and Regeneration

This preprint list compiles highlights from the field of lung biology.

 



List by Rob Hynds

MitoList

This list of preprints is focused on work expanding our knowledge on mitochondria in any organism, tissue or cell type, from the normal biology to the pathology.

 



List by Sandra Franco Iborra
Close