Long-term live imaging of the Drosophila adult midgut reveals real-time dynamics of cell division, differentiation, and loss
Preprint posted on February 26, 2018 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/02/26/271742
A new method captures the dynamics of tissue homeostasis in the stem-cell based organ of the adult fly midgut
Selected by Natalie DyeCategories: cancer biology, cell biology, developmental biology, genetics, physiology
Background:
To maintain tissue homeostasis, many adult organs harbour pools of stem cells that divide and differentiate to replenish cells that are lost through ageing and/or injury. How these division and differentiation events are regulated is an important open question in biology.
Due to its genetic tractability, the adult Drosophila midgut (analogous to the mammalian small intestine) has been a powerful model system for identifying the conserved signalling pathways underlying both normal tissue homeostasis and its dysfunction during disease, infection, and ageing. Nonetheless, without methods to support extended live imaging of this tissue (longer than 90min), it has been difficult to use this powerful genetic model to study the cell biology and signalling dynamics underlying stem-cell-based homeostasis.
Summary of the preprint:
The authors of this preprint create a new and vastly improved protocol for imaging the midgut. They first stabilize the abdomen of the animal while providing a feeding tube; then they remove part of the dorsal cuticle, immerse this exposed part in media, and image through this media (Fig 1). The authors develop an image processing pipeline to compensate for global movements of the tissue and use a combination of fluorescent genetic markers and quantification of nuclear size to simultaneously identify and quantify the dynamics of different midgut cell types on a tissue scale for 12-16 hrs.
Fig 1: Method schematic (Fig 1A-C of the preprint): (A) Illustration of the fly digestive track; midgut in white. (B) Mounting the animal for imaging (with an upright microscope). The midgut is accessed through a hole in the cuticle, and the animal is fed through a tube. (C) Steps in sample preparation.
Movie S5 from the preprint showing the a ‘fate sensor’ midgut (esgGal4, UAS-his2b::CFP, GBE-Su(H)-GFP:nls; ubi-his2av::mRFP). With the combination of nuclear size and genetic labels, four midgut cell types can be identified and tracked: stem cells (red), enteroblasts (yellow-green), enterocytes (gray, polyploid – and thus larger), and enteroendocrine cells (gray, diploid – and thus smaller).
To demonstrate the power of their technique, the authors then provide new observations related to three processes occurring during normal tissue homeostasis:
- Loss. Novel observations regarding the extrusion of enterocytes (terminally differentiated, nutrient-absorbing cells) include:
- Basal cross sectional cell area shrinks in a rachet-like pulsatile fashion
- The nucleus rapidly shoots out of the tissue toward the lumen before recoiling back toward the epithelial surface.
- Division. Stem cell divisions occur less frequently during live imaging than would be expected based on staining of fixed tissues. Nonetheless, the authors report observations from 39 mitosis events—far more than ever before. Results not only confirm previous work using fixed tissues but also include the following new observations:
- Dividing stem cells can rapidly reorient before division.
- Neighbouring enteroblasts influence stem cell division orientation.
- Differentiation. While genetic experiments have clearly implicated Notch signalling in stem cell differentiation, without live imaging data, the dynamics have been elusive, limiting our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms. Here, the authors calibrate a live Notch activity reporter and make three new discoveries:
- Notch activation and stem cell differentiation can be directly observed live (Fig 2) and occurs over a time-scale of hours (based on observation of 5 events).
- Proximity between stem cell siblings after division does not correlate with Notch activity.
- The kinetics of Notch activation and cell differentiation imply a latency period after a cell is born, whereby its differentiation is delayed for several hours.
Fig 2: Direct observation of Notch activation during cell fate transitions (Fig 5D from the preprint). GBE-Su(H)-GFP:nls reports Notch transcriptional activity, while ubi-his2av::mRFP provides a reference signal. Cells additionally express esg>his2ab::CFP to mark progenitor cells. The authors use the GFP:RFP ratio to quantify Notch activation and directly observe transitions between stem and enteroblast states, finding that these transitions require several hours (2.4-6.9hrs).
Why I chose this preprint:
In my humble opinion, methods papers are where the preprint servers are especially valuable. Getting a new method out in the open as soon as possible is a great thing. Included in this paper are videos and detailed diagrams to help the reader use the method. Slight modifications may enable imaging of different parts of the adult fly, making the approach potentially even more widely applicable. Drosophila genetics has proven to be extremely powerful over the decades, but I’m excited to see more and more recent efforts to add live imaging to the toolbox – from the embryo, to the brain, wing disc, and now gut.
While this paper is first and foremost a method paper, there’s also a lot of tantalizing new biology presented. Their new data demonstrate how certain kinds of information can really only be obtained by direct observation over time, something I myself have been aiming for in my own work. The authors provide solid, valuable characterization of the dynamics—but nevertheless their data seem to generate more questions than answers. Thus, I think the best is yet to come. There is great potential for the live imaging approach to synergize with existing genetic tools in Drosophila to make really fundamental mechanistic discoveries. In principle, their techniques may also be combined with laser ablation, to probe the influence of mechanical forces, and pharmacological perturbations to rapidly, locally, and reversibly inhibit various proteins.
Future Directions:
Here are some of the questions I’m looking forward to hearing about in the future:
- What in the world is going on with the nucleus in those extruding cells?
- Since the duration of stem cell sibling contact (at least at the level of the nucleus) does not seem to be important, what regulates the when and whether Notch is activated?
- Related question: are there filopodia-like protrusions in these cells that may signal long distances through Notch, as in the Drosophila notum?
- What is the molecular mechanism underlying the apparent latency phase in stem cell differentiation?
- What happens to these dynamics upon injury, infection, ageing, and with varying diets?
- Related comment: another recent preprint demonstrates that dietary lipids affect cell differentiation and Notch signalling in the midgut (Obniski et al 2018: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/02/28/273813). This is just one example of the interesting perturbations that can be now studied live using the techniques from O’Brien and colleagues.
Further reading:
- Cohen M, Georgiou M, Stevenson NL, Miodownik M, Baum B. “Dynamic filopodia transmit intermittent Delta-Notch signaling to drive pattern refinement during lateral inhibition.” Dev Cell. 2010. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.06.006.
- Gervais L, Bardin AJ. “Tissue homeostasis and aging: new insight from the fly intestine.” Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.06.005.
- Guo Z, Lucchetta E, Rafel N, Ohlstein B.“Maintenance of the adult Drosophila intestine: all roads lead to homeostasis.” Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.06.009.
- Obniski R, Sieber M, and Spradling A. “Dietary lipids modulate Notch signaling and influence adult intestinal development and metabolism in Drosophila.” BioRxiv 2018. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/02/28/273813
Read preprint
Sign up to customise the site to your preferences and to receive alerts
Register hereAlso in the cancer biology category:
PDX Finder: A Portal for Patient-Derived tumor Xenograft Model Discovery
Selected by | Carmen Adriaens |
HIF1-alpha expressing cells induce a hypoxic-like response in neighbouring cancer cells
Selected by | Anh Hoang Le |
A role for RNA and DNA:RNA hybrids in the modulation of DNA repair by homologous recombination
Selected by | Carmen Adriaens |
Nuclear envelope assembly defects link mitotic errors to chromothripsis
Selected by | Gautam Dey |
Zebrafish as a model to investigate the effects of exercise in cancer
Selected by | Jacky G. Goetz |
Stopping Transformed Growth with Cytoskeletal Proteins: Turning a Devil into an Angel
Selected by | Jon Humphries |
Cancer exosomes induce tumor neo-neurogenesis potentiating tumor growth
Selected by | Jacky G. Goetz |
1
Also in the cell biology category:
PDX Finder: A Portal for Patient-Derived tumor Xenograft Model Discovery
Selected by | Carmen Adriaens |
Two contractile pools of actomyosin distinctly load and tune E-cadherin levels during morphogenesis
Selected by | Arnaud Monnard |
HIF1-alpha expressing cells induce a hypoxic-like response in neighbouring cancer cells
Selected by | Anh Hoang Le |
Higher-Order Organization Principles of Pre-translational mRNPs
Selected by | Carmen Adriaens |
Capturing the onset of PRC2-mediated repressive domain formation
Selected by | Boyan Bonev |
RNA-directed activation of cytoplasmic dynein-1 in reconstituted transport RNPs
AND
Recruitment of Two Dyneins to an mRNA-Dependent Bicaudal D Transport Complex
Selected by | Dmitry Nashchekin |
Dynamic Kinetochore Size Regulation Promotes Microtubule Capture And Chromosome Biorientation In Mitosis
AND
Self-assembly of the RZZ complex into filaments drives kinetochore expansion in the absence of microtubule attachment
Selected by | Gautam Dey |
Long-range Notch-mediated tissue patterning requires actomyosin contractility
Selected by | Yara E. Sánchez Corrales |
Directed evolution of TurboID for efficient proximity labeling in living cells and organisms
Selected by | Ralph Böttcher |
Long-term live imaging of the Drosophila adult midgut reveals real-time dynamics of cell division, differentiation, and loss
Selected by | Natalie Dye |
A role for RNA and DNA:RNA hybrids in the modulation of DNA repair by homologous recombination
Selected by | Carmen Adriaens |
Nuclear envelope assembly defects link mitotic errors to chromothripsis
Selected by | Gautam Dey |
A 3D model of human skeletal muscle innervated with stem cell-derived motor neurons enables epsilon-subunit targeted myasthenic syndrome studies
Selected by | Chris Demers |
Stopping Transformed Growth with Cytoskeletal Proteins: Turning a Devil into an Angel
Selected by | Jon Humphries |
Tunable molecular tension sensors reveal extension-based control of vinculin loading
Selected by | Amanda Haage |
1
Persistent cell motility requires transcriptional feedback of cytoskeletal – focal adhesion equilibrium by YAP/TAZ
Selected by | Carla Mulas |
1
Also in the developmental biology category:
Tissue flow induces cell shape changes during organogenesis
Selected by | Jacky G. Goetz |
Temporal Control of Transcription by Zelda in living Drosophila embryos
Selected by | Teresa Rayon |
1
An atlas of silencer elements for the human and mouse genomes
Selected by | Rafael Galupa |
1
Genetically regulated human NODAL splice variants are differentially post-transcriptionally processed and functionally distinct
Selected by | Pierre Osteil |
RNA-directed activation of cytoplasmic dynein-1 in reconstituted transport RNPs
AND
Recruitment of Two Dyneins to an mRNA-Dependent Bicaudal D Transport Complex
Selected by | Dmitry Nashchekin |
Long-range Notch-mediated tissue patterning requires actomyosin contractility
Selected by | Yara E. Sánchez Corrales |
PIN7 auxin carrier is a terminator of radial root expansion in Arabidopsis thaliana
AND
PILS6 is a temperature-sensitive regulator of nuclear auxin input and organ growth in Arabidopsis thaliana
Selected by | Erin Sparks |
Bioelectric-calcineurin signaling module regulates allometric growth and size of the zebrafish fin
Selected by | Alberto Rosello-Diez |
1
Long-term live imaging of the Drosophila adult midgut reveals real-time dynamics of cell division, differentiation, and loss
Selected by | Natalie Dye |
From spiral cleavage to bilateral symmetry: The developmental cell lineage of the annelid brain
Selected by | Erik Clark |
A 3D model of human skeletal muscle innervated with stem cell-derived motor neurons enables epsilon-subunit targeted myasthenic syndrome studies
Selected by | Chris Demers |
Lineage tracing axial progenitors using Nkx1.2CreERT2 mice defines their trunk and tail contributions
Selected by | Pierre Osteil |
Feedback control of neurogenesis by tissue packing
Selected by | Sarah Morson |
1
Focal adhesion kinase regulates early steps of myofibrillogenesis in cardiomyocytes
Selected by | Vassilis Papalazarou |
Content-Aware Image Restoration: Pushing the Limits of Fluorescence Microscopy
Selected by | Uri Manor |
In vivo topology converts competition for cell-matrix adhesion into directional migration
Selected by | Helen Zenner |
Also in the genetics category:
PDX Finder: A Portal for Patient-Derived tumor Xenograft Model Discovery
Selected by | Carmen Adriaens |
Bioelectric-calcineurin signaling module regulates allometric growth and size of the zebrafish fin
Selected by | Alberto Rosello-Diez |
1
Long-term live imaging of the Drosophila adult midgut reveals real-time dynamics of cell division, differentiation, and loss
Selected by | Natalie Dye |
F-actin patches nucleated on chromosomes coordinate capture by microtubules in oocyte meiosis
Selected by | Binyam Mogessie |
Comprehensive characterization of transcript diversity at the human NODAL locus
Selected by | Christian Ramos |
Cell-nonautonomous local and systemic responses to cell arrest enable long-bone catch-up growth
Selected by | Natalie Dye |
Precise temporal regulation of alternative splicing during neural development
Selected by | James Gagnon |
Mutations in Bcl9 and Pygo genes cause congenital heart defects by tissue-specific perturbation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling
Selected by | Andreas van Impel |
Insect wings and body wall evolved from ancient leg segments
AND
Two sets of wing homologs in the crustacean, Parhyale hawaiensis
Selected by | Erik Clark |
2
Also in the physiology category:
Long-term live imaging of the Drosophila adult midgut reveals real-time dynamics of cell division, differentiation, and loss
Selected by | Natalie Dye |
Individual- and population-level drivers of consistent foraging success across environments
Selected by | Rasmus Ern |
Zebrafish as a model to investigate the effects of exercise in cancer
Selected by | Jacky G. Goetz |
Feedback control of neurogenesis by tissue packing
Selected by | Sarah Morson |
1
Content-Aware Image Restoration: Pushing the Limits of Fluorescence Microscopy
Selected by | Uri Manor |
Galleria mellonella as an Insect Model for P. destructans, the Cause of White-Nose Syndrome in Bats
Selected by | Heath MacMillan |
Genome-wide selection scans integrated with association mapping reveal mechanisms of physiological adaptation across a salinity gradient in killifish
Selected by | Andy Turko |
From Armament to Ornament: Performance Trade-Offs in the Sexual Weaponry of Neotropical Electric Fishes
Selected by | Cassandra Donatelli |