In vivo glucose imaging in multiple model organisms with an engineered single-wavelength sensor
Posted on: 5 April 2019
Preprint posted on 8 March 2019
How to visualize glucose concentrations in vivo: the Looger lab has engineered a new family of single-wavelength glucose sensors to unravel the biology of glucose in models such as tissue culture, Drosophila and zebrafish.
Selected by Stephan Daetwyler
Context
Glucose is one of the most important molecules of life. As a product of photosynthesis, it is a major organic compound that serves as an energy store, fuel for metabolic engines, and constituent of other molecules. Moreover, it is the major form of transport of carbohydrates from one cell to another in animals. Its importance is also highlighted by its tight regulation. In humans, an intricate system involving the pancreas, brain, liver, gut, adipose and muscle tissue acts together to regulate glucose levels via various hormones such as insulin and glucagon, neurotransmitters and cytokines [1]. Disturbances of this interplay lead to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus [2]. Diabetes is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke and lower limb amputation affecting about 422 million people in 2014 [3]. Techniques to measure glucose concentrations in vivo are therefore of high clinical and scientific importance. While many glucose sensors have been established ranging from finger-prick to intravenous implantable devices [4], techniques relying on fluorescence are the most promising for basic research and the clinics [5].
Fluorescence microscopy offers very sensitive and non-invasive measurements. Most existing fluorescence-based glucose sensors, however, suffer from lack of specificity [6], targeting [7], or modest fluorescence responses [8]. This makes their application to imaging studies in living animals and plants with high spatial and temporal resolution difficult. Recently, a novel glucose sensor relying on circularly permuted yellow fluorescent protein combined with a bacterial periplasmic glucose / galactose-binding protein was introduced that can address the above issues [9]. However, its application has only been demonstrated in E. coli cells. In their new preprint, Keller et al. introduce a novel family of single-wavelength sensors and demonstrate their value for studies of glucose concentrations in tissue culture, Drosophila and zebrafish model systems.
Key findings
1. Engineering of a family of genetically encoded glucose sensors
In this new preprint, a family of genetically encoded glucose sensors with a high signal-to-noise ratio, fast kinetics and affinities from 1 mM to 10 mM has been introduced. At the heart of the new sensor, named iGlucoSnFR, is a circularly-permuted green fluorescent protein (cpGFP) that has been inserted into a glucose binding protein (GBP) from the thermophile bacterium T. thermophilus (Tt). Upon glucose binding of the GBP, the configuration of the sensor changes to yield higher fluorescence signal (Fig. 1). To complement the iGlucoSnFR for ratiometric measurements and/or cell typing, the glucose-insensitive red fluorescent protein mRuby2 has been fused to the C-terminus of iGlucoSnFR (iGlucoSnFR-mRuby2). Both variants have been established as cytosolic, secretable and membrane-bound versions. Using protein engineering, mutations in the linker and binding regions of the GBP have been introduced to optimize the affinity and fluorescence gain (ΔF/F) of the sensor. iGlucoSnFR shows high affinity to glucose (6.5 mM) compared to other sugars such as galactose (20 mM) and 2-deoxy-glucose (45 mM), and applicability at pH values ranging between pH 6.0-9.5.
2. Demonstration of the glucose sensor in various applications
The novel glucose sensors have been applied to study neuron/glia co-cultures, larval Drosophila central nervous system explants, and zebrafish larvae. The experiments show that the new sensor can be easily targeted to specific populations of cells to visualize changes in glucose levels.
Importance
Applications of this novel glucose sensor to various biological questions are imminent. With this sensor in hand, spatiotemporal dynamics of glucose trafficking, maintenance and regulation on scales ranging from whole organisms to intracellular levels can be discerned. The opportunity to express this sensor in specific cell populations and specific intracellular components will open new ways to address long-standing questions in fields as diverse as development, behavioral science, neuroscience, metabolism and biology of disease such as cancer and diabetes.
Future directions and questions
- Have the authors acquired high-resolution images of single cells with subcellular resolution? If yes, have the authors found interesting subcellular localization patterns of glucose? Along these lines, the authors also report the establishment of membrane-bound and secreted versions of their glucose sensors. How do they compare to the cytosolic sensor discussed in the preprint?
- Can the authors elaborate why circularly-permuted variants of fluorescent proteins such as GFP are particularly suited for the construction of sensors?
- Have the authors thought of or already performed long-term measurements of how glucose levels change during development in general, and specifically in different regions? A particularly exciting question would be to understand how onset of blood perfusion in a tissue changes local glucose levels.
- Glucose monitoring in patients with diabetes is still often relying on a finger-prick glucometer. Do the authors of the study envision whether their novel sensor could help diabetes patients by providing novel tools to accurately measure glucose levels?
References
[1] Röder PV, Wu B, Liu Y, Han W. Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis. Experimental & Molecular Medicine 2016;48:e219–e219. doi:10.1038/emm.2016.6.
[2] DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E, Groop L, Henry RR, Herman WH, Holst JJ, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 2015;1:15019.
[3] World Health Organization. Diabetes Fact Sheet n.d. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes (accessed March 28, 2019).
[4] Oliver NS, Toumazou C, Cass AEG, Johnston DG. Glucose sensors: a review of current and emerging technology. Diabetic Medicine 2009;26:197–210. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02642.x.
[5] Wang H-C, Lee A-R. Recent developments in blood glucose sensors. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 2015;23:191–200. doi:10.1016/j.jfda.2014.12.001.
[6] Mandal DK, Bhattacharyya L, Koenig SH, Brown RD, Oscarson S, Brewer CF. Studies of the Binding Specificity of Concanavalin A. Nature of the Extended Binding Site for Asparagine-Linked Carbohydrates. Biochemistry 1994;33:1157–62. doi:10.1021/bi00171a015.
[7] Ge X, Tolosa L, Rao G. Dual-Labeled Glucose Binding Protein for Ratiometric Measurements of Glucose. Anal Chem 2004;76:1403–10. doi:10.1021/ac035063p.
[8] Deuschle K, Okumoto S, Fehr M, Looger LL, Kozhukh L, Frommer WB. Construction and optimization of a family of genetically encoded metabolite sensors by semirational protein engineering. Protein Sci 2005;14:2304–14. doi:10.1110/ps.051508105.
[9] Hu H, Wei Y, Wang D, Su N, Chen X, Zhao Y, et al. Glucose monitoring in living cells with single fluorescent protein-based sensors. RSC Adv 2018;8:2485–9. doi:10.1039/C7RA11347A.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/prelights.9965
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| List by | Osvaldo Contreras |
FENS 2020
A collection of preprints presented during the virtual meeting of the Federation of European Neuroscience Societies (FENS) in 2020
| List by | Ana Dorrego-Rivas |
TAGC 2020
Preprints recently presented at the virtual Allied Genetics Conference, April 22-26, 2020. #TAGC20
| List by | Maiko Kitaoka et al. |
Autophagy
Preprints on autophagy and lysosomal degradation and its role in neurodegeneration and disease. Includes molecular mechanisms, upstream signalling and regulation as well as studies on pharmaceutical interventions to upregulate the process.
| List by | Sandra Malmgren Hill |
Cellular metabolism
A curated list of preprints related to cellular metabolism at Biorxiv by Pablo Ranea Robles from the Prelights community. Special interest on lipid metabolism, peroxisomes and mitochondria.
| List by | Pablo Ranea Robles |