ENDOSOMAL MEMBRANE TENSION CONTROLS ESCRT-III-DEPENDENT INTRA-LUMENAL VESICLE FORMATION
Posted on: 26 February 2019 , updated on: 27 February 2019
Preprint posted on 21 February 2019
Article now published in Nature Cell Biology at http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41556-020-0546-4
Feeling tense? Hop aboard! Endosomal ESCRT-III recruitment and ILV formation is regulated by endosomal membrane tension
Selected by Nicola Stevenson
Categories: biochemistry, biophysics, cell biology
Background
During endosomal protein sorting, five large multisubunit protein assemblies, collectively known as the ESCRT machinery (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport), assemble in a sequential manner on the endosome surface to generate intraluminal vesicles – vesicles that bud into the lumen of the endosome to generate multivesicular bodies. The fourth of these assemblies, ESCRT-III, is largely cytoplasmic and only transiently assembles on endosomes during sorting. Once recruited here it deubiquitinates and sequesters cargo in the vesicle and reorganises the membrane for budding and scission (1). Previous reports have shown that ESCRT-III depends on other members of the ESCRT machinery, such as VPS25 of ESCRT-II (2), to localise to membranes. However, in this new study, Mercier et al report that ESCRT-III is rapidly recruited to the endosome following a decrease in membrane tension, such as occurs during stimulated recycling of the EGF receptor. This provides a fascinating new regulatory link between the physical properties of organelles and the recruitment of large protein machines. Such a link may allow fluctuations in the extracellular environment to propagate changes in cell behaviour independent of (or augmenting) specific signalling molecules.
Key findings
In this study the authors use two methods to induce changes in endosomal membrane tension inside the cell; 1) hypertonic shock with sucrose or NaCl and 2) transient permeabilization of the endosome membrane using the small peptide LLOMe. Changes in membrane tension were confirmed with the fluorescent lipid tension reporter, Lyso Flipper. In both cases, a reduction in membrane tension induced the transient relocation of the ESCRT-III component CHMP4B from a diffuse cytosolic localisation to EEA1 positive endosomes. This endosomal recruitment is selective for ESCRT-III, since ESCRT-0 and ESCRT-1 were not recruited to membranes upon hypertonic shock and STAM and TSG101 only partially so on LLOMe treatment. Recruitment is, however, in part dependent on the ESCRT-III nucleator ALIX and recruited assemblies are functional.
These results were confirmed using a third method in which recombinant CHMP4B was incubated with giant unilamellar vesicles. In isotonic conditions CHMP4B recruited slowly to these membranes, however switching to hypertonic solution increased CHMP4B recruitment three-fold. Changing membrane tension by pulling on the membranes with optical tweezers also demonstrated a negative correlation between increasing membrane tension and CHMP4B recruitment. Electron microscopy of membranes coated with CHMP4B were tubular and deformed indicating CHMP4B recruitment induced membrane remodelling.
Finally, to show membrane tension regulated recruitment of ESCRT-III is physiologically relevant, the authors treated cells with epidermal growth factor (EGF) to stimulate recycling of its receptor through endosomes. Treatment increased ESCRT dependent ILV formation concurrent with a reduction in endosome membrane tension as detected with Lyso Flipper. Such a reduction in membrane tension is likely brought about by the increase in membrane surface area as endosomal vesicles carrying the EGF receptor fuse with mature endosomes.
In conclusion, CHMP4B polymerises on endosomal membranes when membrane tension is lowered.
Perspective
With the advent of atomic force microscopy and optical tweezers, the study of membrane tension and cell behaviour has become a more popular and attainable pursuit in recent years. Understandably, research in this area has been predominantly, but not exclusively, focused on the plasma membrane due to its accessibility and amenability to such techniques. However, the recent development of fluorescent membrane tension sensors by some of the authors of this study (3) has provided the opportunity to expand these investigations to the study of internal membranes. These should help to elucidate the full extent to which mechanosensation is important to cellular function. I chose to highlight this paper as it is a good example of the potential of this avenue of study. Current models of membrane trafficking events generally focus on chemical interactions between proteins, lipids and small molecules but this study demonstrates that this is only part of the picture. Clearly we need to look beyond biochemistry to biophysics to really understand this process.
Future questions
- Why is ESCRT-III but not upstream components of ESCRT recruited in this way? Changes in membrane tension are likely to occur very rapidly following stimulated endocytosis and so one may imagine this would be relevant to the initiation of ESCRT-mediated sorting rather than later steps. Is ESCRT-III playing another role on the endosomes i.e. reducing membrane surface in a compensatory manner?
- What are the key features of the CHMP4B or its recruitment factors that enable membrane tension sensing?
- Is membrane tension a global mechanism for sensing and responding to changes in membrane flux between organelles or is this specific to ILV formation. Some external stimuli can increase anterograde secretion, for example synaptic transmission can stimulate the ER export of de novo synaptic receptors to the cell surface. Does this similarly result in changes in membrane tension and recruitment of proteins for membrane remodelling?
References
- Raiborg, C., Stenmark, H. The ESCRT machinery in endosomal sorting of ubiquitylated membrane proteins. Nature 458, 445-452 (2009)
- Teo, H., Perisic, O., Gonzalez, B. & Williams, R. L. ESCRT-II, an endosome-associated complex required for protein sorting: crystal structure and interactions with ESCRT-III and membranes. Cell7, 559–569 (2004)
- Goujon, A., Colom, A., Straková, K., Mercier, V., Mahecic, D., Manley, S., Sakai, N., Roux, A., & Matile, S. Mechanosensitive Fluorescent Probes to Image Membrane Tension in Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Lysosomes. Am. Chem. Soc (2019)
doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/prelights.8971
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