Close

Super-resolution Molecular Map of Basal Foot Reveals Novel Cilium in Airway Multiciliated Cells

Quynh Nguyen, Zhen Liu, Rashmi Nanjundappa, Alexandre Megherbi, Nathalie Delgehyr, Hong Ouyang, Lorna Zock, Etienne Coyaud, Estelle Laurent, Sharon Dell, Walter Finkbeiner, Theo Moraes, Brian Raught, Kirk Czymmek, Alice Munier, Moe R. Mahjoub, Vito Mennella

Posted on: 19 January 2019 , updated on: 20 January 2019

Preprint posted on 4 December 2018

Identification of hybrid cilia in multiciliated airway epithelia cells

Selected by Robert Mahen

Background
Our airways are lined by billions of hair-like projections called cilia which beat in concerted motion to propel mucus through the respiratory tract. This mucociliary clearance moistens and protects the airway and is thus important for health and disease [1]. Whereas most cells in the body form only one sensory primary cilium, from a microtubule organising structure called a basal body (or centrosome), airway epithelial cells each form hundreds of motile cilia from hundreds of basal bodies (Fig. 1). In general, cilia are thought to be either sensory, transducing signals into the cell, or motile, and thus capable of producing physical force. In a recent preprint, the ultrastructure and position of cilia in multiciliated airway epithelial cells has been investigated. The authors suggest the presence of a hybrid cilium with features of both primary and motile cilia, which is positioned relative to mucociliary fluid flow.

Figure 1. Schematic current model of multiciliated epithelia.

 

Key findings
Spatial arrangement of cilia basal foot proteins
The positions of proteins found in a protrusion of the basal body called the basal foot were mapped with super-resolution light microscopy. Comparative analysis of the spatial arrangement of basal foot proteins in primary cilia versus motile cilia shows that whereas some basal foot proteins remain in the same spatial arrangement dependent on cilia type, others change location with concomitant ultrastructural changes.

A novel hybrid cilium as a signalling centre and flow sensor
Using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy, the authors show that whereas primary cilia have multiple basal feet per basal body, in multiciliated epithelial cells two different types of basal foot arrangement exist. Motile cilia in multiciliated epithelial cells have one basal foot, with the exception of a “hybrid” motile cilium, which is formed from the original parental centrosome and has multiple basal feet. Mapping of the position of this hybrid cilium within each cell shows that it orientates towards the direction of ciliary beating. Dynein mutations causative of primary ciliary dyskinesia with impaired ciliary beating and mucociliary clearance, disrupt this hybrid cilium positioning.

 

Figure 2. Selected panels from Nguyyen et al., 2018. (a) Left: 2D projection micrograph of 3D-SIM volume of an airway multiciliated cell grown on Air-Liquid-Interface (ALI), labeled with anti-CNTRL (green) and anti-POC1B (red) antibodies. Note the ring-like pattern of CNTRL localization encircling the basal body labeled by POC1B. Right: High-magnification view of boxed area. Scale bars represent 1 μm (left) and 500 nm (right). (b) Left: 2D-STORM micrograph of airway multiciliated cell labeled with anti-CNTRL antibody, showing a distinct ring-like distribution of CNTRL. Right: High-magnification view of boxed area. Scale bars represent 1 μm. (c) Collage of representative TEM micrographs showing basal bodies harboring multiple basal feet in human airway multiciliated cell. Scale bars represent 100 nm. Images and captions by the authors.

 

What I like about this preprint
The basal body must dynamically adapt to different cellular states, templating different types of cilia during differentiation. This preprint systematically examines basal body structure in different cellular states by mapping basal foot components in primary versus motile cilia. Interestingly, another preprint released a day earlier examines basal body duplication in multiciliated airway epithelia [2], finding a correlation between cilia number and cell surface area. Thus, airway multiciliated epithelial cells adjust basal body number and position in response to physiological conditions such as fluid flow and tissue patterning. This might have implications for understanding fundamental mechanisms of organelle number and position control, and how we might treat airway disease in the future.

Questions
Why do human airway multiciliated cells have different types of cilia (motile and hybrid)?
Why is hybrid cilium subcellular position adjusted relative to fluid flow?
How is hybrid cilium subcellular position adjusted relative to fluid flow?
What functional properties are endowed upon a cilium by the arrangement of basal foot proteins?
What spatial arrangement of basal foot proteins would be predicted after knockout of CTRLN?

References
1. Tilley AE, Walters MS, Shaykhiev R, Crystal RG. (2014). Cilia dysfunction in lung disease. 77:379-406.
2. Nanjundappa R, Kong D, Shim K, Stearns T, Brody SL, Loncarek J, and Mahjoub MR. (2018). Regulation of Cilia abundance in multiciliated cells. doi 10.1101/478297.

 

 

Tags: airway development, basal body, basal foot, centrosome, cilia, electron microscopy, multiciliate epothelia, super resolutiom imaging

doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/prelights.7648

Read preprint (No Ratings Yet)

Have your say

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.

Sign up to customise the site to your preferences and to receive alerts

Register here

Also in the biochemistry category:

Triglyceride metabolism controls inflammation and APOE4-associated disease states in microglia

Roxan A. Stephenson, Kory R. Johnson, Linling Cheng, et al.

Selected by 22 August 2024

Gustavo Stelzer, Marcus Oliveira

Biochemistry

Impaired 26S proteasome causes learning and memory deficiency and induces neuroinflammation mediated by NF-κB in mice

Christa C. Huber, Eduardo Callegari, Maria Paez, et al.

Selected by 22 August 2024

Gustavo Stelzer, Marcus Oliveira

Biochemistry

Notch3 is a genetic modifier of NODAL signalling for patterning asymmetry during mouse heart looping

Tobias Holm Bønnelykke, Marie-Amandine Chabry, Emeline Perthame, et al.

Selected by 06 June 2024

Bhaval Parmar

Developmental Biology

Also in the biophysics category:

Engineered Nanotopographies Induce Transient Openings in the Nuclear Membrane

Einollah Sarikhani, Vrund Patel, Zhi Li, et al.

Selected by 23 September 2024

Sristilekha Nath

Bioengineering

Spiral-eyes: A soft active matter model of in vivo corneal epithelial cell migration

Kaja Kostanjevec, Rastko Sknepnek, Jon Martin Collinson, et al.

Selected by 03 September 2024

Prasanna Padmanaban

Biophysics

The actin cortex acts as a mechanical memory of morphology in confined migrating cells

Yohalie Kalukula, Marine Luciano, Guillaume Charras, et al.

Selected by 20 August 2024

Prasanna Padmanaban, Vibha SINGH

Biophysics

Also in the cell biology category:

The RNA binding protein HNRNPA2B1 regulates RNA abundance and motor protein activity in neurites

Joelle Lo, Katherine F. Vaeth, Gurprit Bhardwaj, et al.

Selected by 24 September 2024

Felipe Del Valle Batalla

Neuroscience

Pharyngeal neuronal mechanisms governing sour taste perception in Drosophila melanogaster

Bhanu Shrestha, Jiun Sang, Suman Rimal, et al.

Selected by 23 September 2024

Matthew Davies

Cell Biology

Feedback regulation by the RhoA-specific GEF ARHGEF17 regulates actomyosin network disassembly

Vasundhara Rao, Benjamin Grädel, Lucien Hinderling, et al.

Selected by 18 September 2024

Vibha SINGH

Cell Biology

Also in the genetics category:

Significantly reduced, but balanced, rates of mitochondrial fission and fusion are sufficient to maintain the integrity of yeast mitochondrial DNA

Brett T. Wisniewski, Laura L. Lackner

Selected by 30 August 2024

Leeba Ann Chacko

Cell Biology

The bat Influenza A virus subtype H18N11 induces nanoscale MHCII clustering upon host cell attachment

Maria Kaukab Osman, Jonathan Robert, Lukas Broich, et al.

Selected by 20 August 2024

Mitchell Sarmie, Mohammed A. Jalloh

Immunology

Enhancer-driven cell type comparison reveals similarities between the mammalian and bird pallium

Nikolai Hecker , Niklas Kempynck , David Mauduit, et al.

Selected by 02 July 2024

Rodrigo Senovilla-Ganzo

Bioinformatics

Also in the molecular biology category:

The RNA binding protein HNRNPA2B1 regulates RNA abundance and motor protein activity in neurites

Joelle Lo, Katherine F. Vaeth, Gurprit Bhardwaj, et al.

Selected by 24 September 2024

Felipe Del Valle Batalla

Neuroscience

The role of ER exit sites in maintaining P-body organization and transmitting ER stress response during Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis

Samantha N. Milano, Livia V. Bayer, Julie J. Ko, et al.

Selected by 04 September 2024

Jonathan Townson

Cell Biology

Adult caudal fin shape is imprinted in the embryonic fin fold

Eric Surette, Joan Donahue, Stephanie Robinson, et al.

Selected by 28 August 2024

Isabella Cisneros

Developmental Biology

Also in the pathology category:

Integrin conformation-dependent neutrophil slowing obstructs the capillaries of the pre-metastatic lung in a model of breast cancer

Frédéric Fercoq, Gemma S. Cairns, Marco De Donatis, et al.

Selected by 07 October 2024

Simon Cleary

Cancer Biology

LINC complex alterations are a hallmark of sporadic and familial ALS/FTD

Riccardo Sirtori, Michelle Gregoire, Emily Potts, et al.

Selected by 03 June 2024

Megane Rayer et al.

Cell Biology

Hypoxia blunts angiogenic signaling and upregulates the antioxidant system in elephant seal endothelial cells

Kaitlin N Allen, Julia María Torres-Velarde, Juan Manuel Vazquez, et al.

Selected by 13 September 2023

Sarah Young-Veenstra

Physiology

Also in the physiology category:

Precision Farming in Aquaculture: Use of a non-invasive, AI-powered real-time automated behavioural monitoring approach to predict gill health and improve welfare in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture farms

Meredith Burke, Dragana Nikolic, Pieter Fabry, et al.

Selected by 11 September 2024

Jasmine Talevi

Animal Behavior and Cognition

Gestational exposure to high heat-humidity conditions impairs mouse embryonic development

Avinchal Manhas, Amritesh Sarkar, Srimonta Gayen

Selected by 08 July 2024

Girish Kale, preLights peer support

Developmental Biology

Modular control of time and space during vertebrate axis segmentation

Ali Seleit, Ian Brettell, Tomas Fitzgerald, et al.

AND

Natural genetic variation quantitatively regulates heart rate and dimension

Jakob Gierten, Bettina Welz, Tomas Fitzgerald, et al.

Selected by 24 June 2024

Girish Kale, Jennifer Ann Black

Developmental Biology

preLists in the biochemistry category:

BSCB-Biochemical Society 2024 Cell Migration meeting

This preList features preprints that were discussed and presented during the BSCB-Biochemical Society 2024 Cell Migration meeting in Birmingham, UK in April 2024. Kindly put together by Sara Morais da Silva, Reviews Editor at Journal of Cell Science.

 



List by Reinier Prosee

Peer Review in Biomedical Sciences

Communication of scientific knowledge has changed dramatically in recent decades and the public perception of scientific discoveries depends on the peer review process of articles published in scientific journals. Preprints are key vehicles for the dissemination of scientific discoveries, but they are still not properly recognized by the scientific community since peer review is very limited. On the other hand, peer review is very heterogeneous and a fundamental aspect to improve it is to train young scientists on how to think critically and how to evaluate scientific knowledge in a professional way. Thus, this course aims to: i) train students on how to perform peer review of scientific manuscripts in a professional manner; ii) develop students' critical thinking; iii) contribute to the appreciation of preprints as important vehicles for the dissemination of scientific knowledge without restrictions; iv) contribute to the development of students' curricula, as their opinions will be published and indexed on the preLights platform. The evaluations will be based on qualitative analyses of the oral presentations of preprints in the field of biomedical sciences deposited in the bioRxiv server, of the critical reports written by the students, as well as of the participation of the students during the preprints discussions.

 



List by Marcus Oliveira et al.

CellBio 2022 – An ASCB/EMBO Meeting

This preLists features preprints that were discussed and presented during the CellBio 2022 meeting in Washington, DC in December 2022.

 



List by Nadja Hümpfer et al.

20th “Genetics Workshops in Hungary”, Szeged (25th, September)

In this annual conference, Hungarian geneticists, biochemists and biotechnologists presented their works. Link: http://group.szbk.u-szeged.hu/minikonf/archive/prg2021.pdf

 



List by Nándor Lipták

Fibroblasts

The advances in fibroblast biology preList explores the recent discoveries and preprints of the fibroblast world. Get ready to immerse yourself with this list created for fibroblasts aficionados and lovers, and beyond. Here, my goal is to include preprints of fibroblast biology, heterogeneity, fate, extracellular matrix, behavior, topography, single-cell atlases, spatial transcriptomics, and their matrix!

 



List by Osvaldo Contreras

ASCB EMBO Annual Meeting 2019

A collection of preprints presented at the 2019 ASCB EMBO Meeting in Washington, DC (December 7-11)

 



List by Madhuja Samaddar et al.

EMBL Seeing is Believing – Imaging the Molecular Processes of Life

Preprints discussed at the 2019 edition of Seeing is Believing, at EMBL Heidelberg from the 9th-12th October 2019

 



List by Dey Lab

Cellular metabolism

A curated list of preprints related to cellular metabolism at Biorxiv by Pablo Ranea Robles from the Prelights community. Special interest on lipid metabolism, peroxisomes and mitochondria.

 



List by Pablo Ranea Robles

MitoList

This list of preprints is focused on work expanding our knowledge on mitochondria in any organism, tissue or cell type, from the normal biology to the pathology.

 



List by Sandra Franco Iborra

Also in the cell biology category:

BSCB-Biochemical Society 2024 Cell Migration meeting

This preList features preprints that were discussed and presented during the BSCB-Biochemical Society 2024 Cell Migration meeting in Birmingham, UK in April 2024. Kindly put together by Sara Morais da Silva, Reviews Editor at Journal of Cell Science.

 



List by Reinier Prosee

‘In preprints’ from Development 2022-2023

A list of the preprints featured in Development's 'In preprints' articles between 2022-2023

 



List by Alex Eve, Katherine Brown

preLights peer support – preprints of interest

This is a preprint repository to organise the preprints and preLights covered through the 'preLights peer support' initiative.

 



List by preLights peer support

The Society for Developmental Biology 82nd Annual Meeting

This preList is made up of the preprints discussed during the Society for Developmental Biology 82nd Annual Meeting that took place in Chicago in July 2023.

 



List by Joyce Yu, Katherine Brown

CSHL 87th Symposium: Stem Cells

Preprints mentioned by speakers at the #CSHLsymp23

 



List by Alex Eve

Journal of Cell Science meeting ‘Imaging Cell Dynamics’

This preList highlights the preprints discussed at the JCS meeting 'Imaging Cell Dynamics'. The meeting was held from 14 - 17 May 2023 in Lisbon, Portugal and was organised by Erika Holzbaur, Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz, Rob Parton and Michael Way.

 



List by Helen Zenner

9th International Symposium on the Biology of Vertebrate Sex Determination

This preList contains preprints discussed during the 9th International Symposium on the Biology of Vertebrate Sex Determination. This conference was held in Kona, Hawaii from April 17th to 21st 2023.

 



List by Martin Estermann

Alumni picks – preLights 5th Birthday

This preList contains preprints that were picked and highlighted by preLights Alumni - an initiative that was set up to mark preLights 5th birthday. More entries will follow throughout February and March 2023.

 



List by Sergio Menchero et al.

CellBio 2022 – An ASCB/EMBO Meeting

This preLists features preprints that were discussed and presented during the CellBio 2022 meeting in Washington, DC in December 2022.

 



List by Nadja Hümpfer et al.

Fibroblasts

The advances in fibroblast biology preList explores the recent discoveries and preprints of the fibroblast world. Get ready to immerse yourself with this list created for fibroblasts aficionados and lovers, and beyond. Here, my goal is to include preprints of fibroblast biology, heterogeneity, fate, extracellular matrix, behavior, topography, single-cell atlases, spatial transcriptomics, and their matrix!

 



List by Osvaldo Contreras

EMBL Synthetic Morphogenesis: From Gene Circuits to Tissue Architecture (2021)

A list of preprints mentioned at the #EESmorphoG virtual meeting in 2021.

 



List by Alex Eve

FENS 2020

A collection of preprints presented during the virtual meeting of the Federation of European Neuroscience Societies (FENS) in 2020

 



List by Ana Dorrego-Rivas

Planar Cell Polarity – PCP

This preList contains preprints about the latest findings on Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) in various model organisms at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels.

 



List by Ana Dorrego-Rivas

BioMalPar XVI: Biology and Pathology of the Malaria Parasite

[under construction] Preprints presented at the (fully virtual) EMBL BioMalPar XVI, 17-18 May 2020 #emblmalaria

 



List by Dey Lab, Samantha Seah

1

Cell Polarity

Recent research from the field of cell polarity is summarized in this list of preprints. It comprises of studies focusing on various forms of cell polarity ranging from epithelial polarity, planar cell polarity to front-to-rear polarity.

 



List by Yamini Ravichandran

TAGC 2020

Preprints recently presented at the virtual Allied Genetics Conference, April 22-26, 2020. #TAGC20

 



List by Maiko Kitaoka et al.

3D Gastruloids

A curated list of preprints related to Gastruloids (in vitro models of early development obtained by 3D aggregation of embryonic cells). Updated until July 2021.

 



List by Paul Gerald L. Sanchez and Stefano Vianello

ECFG15 – Fungal biology

Preprints presented at 15th European Conference on Fungal Genetics 17-20 February 2020 Rome

 



List by Hiral Shah

ASCB EMBO Annual Meeting 2019

A collection of preprints presented at the 2019 ASCB EMBO Meeting in Washington, DC (December 7-11)

 



List by Madhuja Samaddar et al.

EMBL Seeing is Believing – Imaging the Molecular Processes of Life

Preprints discussed at the 2019 edition of Seeing is Believing, at EMBL Heidelberg from the 9th-12th October 2019

 



List by Dey Lab

Autophagy

Preprints on autophagy and lysosomal degradation and its role in neurodegeneration and disease. Includes molecular mechanisms, upstream signalling and regulation as well as studies on pharmaceutical interventions to upregulate the process.

 



List by Sandra Malmgren Hill

Lung Disease and Regeneration

This preprint list compiles highlights from the field of lung biology.

 



List by Rob Hynds

Cellular metabolism

A curated list of preprints related to cellular metabolism at Biorxiv by Pablo Ranea Robles from the Prelights community. Special interest on lipid metabolism, peroxisomes and mitochondria.

 



List by Pablo Ranea Robles

BSCB/BSDB Annual Meeting 2019

Preprints presented at the BSCB/BSDB Annual Meeting 2019

 



List by Dey Lab

MitoList

This list of preprints is focused on work expanding our knowledge on mitochondria in any organism, tissue or cell type, from the normal biology to the pathology.

 



List by Sandra Franco Iborra

ASCB/EMBO Annual Meeting 2018

This list relates to preprints that were discussed at the recent ASCB conference.

 



List by Dey Lab, Amanda Haage

Also in the genetics category:

BSDB/GenSoc Spring Meeting 2024

A list of preprints highlighted at the British Society for Developmental Biology and Genetics Society joint Spring meeting 2024 at Warwick, UK.

 



List by Joyce Yu, Katherine Brown

BSCB-Biochemical Society 2024 Cell Migration meeting

This preList features preprints that were discussed and presented during the BSCB-Biochemical Society 2024 Cell Migration meeting in Birmingham, UK in April 2024. Kindly put together by Sara Morais da Silva, Reviews Editor at Journal of Cell Science.

 



List by Reinier Prosee

9th International Symposium on the Biology of Vertebrate Sex Determination

This preList contains preprints discussed during the 9th International Symposium on the Biology of Vertebrate Sex Determination. This conference was held in Kona, Hawaii from April 17th to 21st 2023.

 



List by Martin Estermann

Alumni picks – preLights 5th Birthday

This preList contains preprints that were picked and highlighted by preLights Alumni - an initiative that was set up to mark preLights 5th birthday. More entries will follow throughout February and March 2023.

 



List by Sergio Menchero et al.

Semmelweis Symposium 2022: 40th anniversary of international medical education at Semmelweis University

This preList contains preprints discussed during the 'Semmelweis Symposium 2022' (7-9 November), organised around the 40th anniversary of international medical education at Semmelweis University covering a wide range of topics.

 



List by Nándor Lipták

20th “Genetics Workshops in Hungary”, Szeged (25th, September)

In this annual conference, Hungarian geneticists, biochemists and biotechnologists presented their works. Link: http://group.szbk.u-szeged.hu/minikonf/archive/prg2021.pdf

 



List by Nándor Lipták

2nd Conference of the Visegrád Group Society for Developmental Biology

Preprints from the 2nd Conference of the Visegrád Group Society for Developmental Biology (2-5 September, 2021, Szeged, Hungary)

 



List by Nándor Lipták

EMBL Conference: From functional genomics to systems biology

Preprints presented at the virtual EMBL conference "from functional genomics and systems biology", 16-19 November 2020

 



List by Jesus Victorino

TAGC 2020

Preprints recently presented at the virtual Allied Genetics Conference, April 22-26, 2020. #TAGC20

 



List by Maiko Kitaoka et al.

ECFG15 – Fungal biology

Preprints presented at 15th European Conference on Fungal Genetics 17-20 February 2020 Rome

 



List by Hiral Shah

Autophagy

Preprints on autophagy and lysosomal degradation and its role in neurodegeneration and disease. Includes molecular mechanisms, upstream signalling and regulation as well as studies on pharmaceutical interventions to upregulate the process.

 



List by Sandra Malmgren Hill

Zebrafish immunology

A compilation of cutting-edge research that uses the zebrafish as a model system to elucidate novel immunological mechanisms in health and disease.

 



List by Shikha Nayar

Also in the molecular biology category:

2024 Hypothalamus GRC

This 2024 Hypothalamus GRC (Gordon Research Conference) preList offers an overview of cutting-edge research focused on the hypothalamus, a critical brain region involved in regulating homeostasis, behavior, and neuroendocrine functions. The studies included cover a range of topics, including neural circuits, molecular mechanisms, and the role of the hypothalamus in health and disease. This collection highlights some of the latest advances in understanding hypothalamic function, with potential implications for treating disorders such as obesity, stress, and metabolic diseases.

 



List by Nathalie Krauth

BSCB-Biochemical Society 2024 Cell Migration meeting

This preList features preprints that were discussed and presented during the BSCB-Biochemical Society 2024 Cell Migration meeting in Birmingham, UK in April 2024. Kindly put together by Sara Morais da Silva, Reviews Editor at Journal of Cell Science.

 



List by Reinier Prosee

‘In preprints’ from Development 2022-2023

A list of the preprints featured in Development's 'In preprints' articles between 2022-2023

 



List by Alex Eve, Katherine Brown

CSHL 87th Symposium: Stem Cells

Preprints mentioned by speakers at the #CSHLsymp23

 



List by Alex Eve

9th International Symposium on the Biology of Vertebrate Sex Determination

This preList contains preprints discussed during the 9th International Symposium on the Biology of Vertebrate Sex Determination. This conference was held in Kona, Hawaii from April 17th to 21st 2023.

 



List by Martin Estermann

Alumni picks – preLights 5th Birthday

This preList contains preprints that were picked and highlighted by preLights Alumni - an initiative that was set up to mark preLights 5th birthday. More entries will follow throughout February and March 2023.

 



List by Sergio Menchero et al.

CellBio 2022 – An ASCB/EMBO Meeting

This preLists features preprints that were discussed and presented during the CellBio 2022 meeting in Washington, DC in December 2022.

 



List by Nadja Hümpfer et al.

EMBL Synthetic Morphogenesis: From Gene Circuits to Tissue Architecture (2021)

A list of preprints mentioned at the #EESmorphoG virtual meeting in 2021.

 



List by Alex Eve

FENS 2020

A collection of preprints presented during the virtual meeting of the Federation of European Neuroscience Societies (FENS) in 2020

 



List by Ana Dorrego-Rivas

ECFG15 – Fungal biology

Preprints presented at 15th European Conference on Fungal Genetics 17-20 February 2020 Rome

 



List by Hiral Shah

ASCB EMBO Annual Meeting 2019

A collection of preprints presented at the 2019 ASCB EMBO Meeting in Washington, DC (December 7-11)

 



List by Madhuja Samaddar et al.

Lung Disease and Regeneration

This preprint list compiles highlights from the field of lung biology.

 



List by Rob Hynds

MitoList

This list of preprints is focused on work expanding our knowledge on mitochondria in any organism, tissue or cell type, from the normal biology to the pathology.

 



List by Sandra Franco Iborra
Close