Deciphering the nanoscale architecture of presynaptic actin using a micropatterned presynapse-on-glass model
Posted on: 18 October 2024 , updated on: 19 October 2024
Preprint posted on 5 September 2024
An arranged bumpy road to study the presynapse: a novel setup to explore neuronal architecture
Selected by Felipe Del Valle BatallaCategories: cell biology, neuroscience
Graphical abstract. The fabrication micropatterned surfaces with ngnl spots allows for detailed study of the presynapse in cultured neurons. Using super-resolution microscopy and live-cell imaging it is possible to dissect the distribution of actin nanostructures at the presynapse (Corrals, Mesh, Rails) together with the detection of synaptic activity markers (Exocytic events). This application helped to understand the spatial distribution of actin with respect to other structural components of the presynapse (Bassoon). Illustration by Antonia P. Berger.
Background
Neuronal communication depends on synapses, with cytoskeletal actin playing a crucial role in neuronal structure and synaptic function (McAllister, 2007). Actin dynamics modulate synaptic transmission, but the complex organization of actin in the presynapse has only recently been studied with greater precision and resolution, thanks to newer tools and microscopy techniques.
Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) and other super-resolution techniques, offer better molecular specificity, enabling detailed investigation of structures within neurons, particularly the presynapse.
One of the main challenges in analyzing distinct subcellular nanostructures is having an optical setup that allows precise spatiotemporal control over the processes and structures of interest. In this work, the authors refine and improve upon previous research from the same group (Bingham et al., 2023), which used a model of isolated bead-induced synapses to characterize presynaptic actin nanostructures.
This new study addresses the limitations of the previous model by improving optical accessibility and presynapse orientation with an elegant setup. Employing SMLM, the authors explore in high detail the distinct conformations of actin at the presynapse, along with functional markers of synaptic activity.
Key Findings
The study introduces a presynaptic model on glass to induce synapse formation in cultured neurons using neuroligin-1 (nlgn)-stamped spots. This model enabled the authors to:
- Validate the model: The authors demonstrated that nlgn spots induce presynapse formation with clusters of presynaptic markers (bassoon, synaptophysin), synaptotagmin uptake (indicating vesicle cycling activity), and actin enrichment, similar to natural synapses.
- Confirm previous findings: The authors corroborated earlier observations of two categories of presynapses—actin-enriched (A+) and non-actin-enriched (A-)—and found that A+ presynapses exhibited higher concentrations of presynaptic components and greater cycling activity.
Fig.2A &2B from the preprint: Actin-enriched (A+) and non-actin-enriched (A-) structures.
- Visualize actin nanostructures: Using STORM, the authors identified and confirmed three distinct actin nanostructures within nlgn-induced presynapses: corrals (large, branched structures on the periphery), rails (small linear structures within the bouton), and a mesh (a weak cluster of nanostructures in the active zone).
- Expand on actin spatial arrangement: Multicolor localization microscopy revealed that the actin mesh is situated above and between bassoon nanoclusters, suggesting a role in organizing nanoclusters within the active zone.
Fig.3B from the preprint: Distribution of presynapse components related to distinct actin nanostructures.
- Correlate exocytosis sites with nanostructures: Using correlative live-cell/STORM imaging, the authors observed that synaptic vesicle exocytosis occurs in presynaptic regions devoid of actin, suggesting that actin may help define vesicle release hotspots.
Fig.5A & 5B from the preprint: Correlative live-cell microscopy / STORM to show location and co-ocurrence of synaptic activity by exocytosis and Munc13-1 at ngnl spots.
Why This Work is Important
This preprint is significant not only because it provides deeper insights into the architecture and function of presynaptic actin, but also because it serves as proof of concept for the potential use of patterned surfaces (or other iterations of this setup in the future) to induce synapse formation and study specific phenotypes in controlled conditions.
Future Directions and Questions for the Authors
- The authors present an elegant approach to studying presynapses with nlgn stamps. An interesting alternative could be coating the stamps with other postsynaptic components, such as PSD95 or EphB. What do the authors think of this approach?
- The study primarily focuses on actin. It would be fascinating to explore the organization and interactions of other cytoskeletal components within this model, such as tubulin and spectrin, which have been shown to form a periodic interrupted network in presynapses. Have the authors considered investigating other cytoskeletal components?
- Given previous evidence suggesting contradictory roles for actin—acting either as a mesh that gathers vesicles before exocytosis or as a physical barrier within presynaptic subdomains—it would be interesting to know what other experiments the authors would conduct to further test this hypothesis.
- The correlative live-cell/STORM approach provided valuable insights into the spatial relationship between exocytosis events and actin nanostructures. Expanding this approach to include real-time tracking of actin dynamics during exocytosis could further enhance our understanding of actin’s role in shaping vesicle release.
References
Bingham, D., Jakobs, C. E., Wernert, F., Boroni-Rueda, F., Jullien, N., Schentarra, E. M. et al. (2023). Presynapses contain distinct actin nanostructures. J Cell Biol, 222(10), e202208110.
McAllister, A. K. (2007). Dynamic aspects of CNS synapse formation. Annu Rev Neurosci, 30, 425-450.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/prelights.38714
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