Membrane bending by protein phase separation

Feng Yuan, Haleh Alimohamadi, Brandon Bakka, Andrea N. Trementozzi, Nicolas L. Fawzi, Padmini Rangamani, Jeanne C. Stachowiak

Preprint posted on May 22, 2020 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109751v1

Article now published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences at http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017435118

Can a liquid bend membranes?

Selected by Dey Lab, Giulia Paci

Categories: biochemistry, biophysics, cell biology

Giulia Paci and Gautam Dey

Context

How do cells bend membranes?

The remodelling of membranes into high-curvature shapes is essential for many cellular processes including vesicles formation, virus budding and cytokinesis [1]. These bent surfaces can be oriented both towards and away of the cytoplasm, and their formation entails a substantial energetic cost. Membrane bending can be driven by changes in lipid composition and clustering of transmembrane proteins, but to achieve nanoscopic curvatures (below the micrometre scale) cells often exploit protein scaffolds. These include for example crescent-shaped BAR domains, that bind and impose their intrinsic curvature to membranes and ESCRTs that polymerize into spiral-shaped filaments, driving membrane constriction.

Going beyond this “rigid template” paradigm, recent work has started to focus on the intrinsically disordered regions of membrane-binding proteins [2,3], which lack a stable structure. Multivalent binding of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) can give rise to liquid-liquid phase separation, where the proteins condense in a dynamic phase with liquid properties. A large body of research in recent years has shown that this phenomenon is ubiquitous and plays a role in countless biological processes: here, Yuan et al investigate whether it can also act as a novel driver of membrane remodelling.

Key outcomes

The authors use one of the most well-characterized phase-separating proteins, fused in sarcoma (FUS), as a model and assemble it on the surface of synthetic and cell-derived membranes at different concentrations.

Above a minimum threshold concentration, they observe phase separation of the protein on the membrane surface and the striking spontaneous formation of inward-pointing tubules. The tubules are lined by proteins and display different conformations, from undulating shapes to “string of pearls” and sub-diffraction structures (Figure 1). In addition to its dependence on protein concentration, tubule formation can be tuned by altering the strength of protein-protein and protein-membrane interactions. In order to understand the mechanism driving membrane bending, the authors develop a continuum mechanical model. Their simulations show that the compressive stress triggered by protein phase separation onto the surface can trigger the formation of tubules with similar morphologies to those observed in the experiments. The model predicts the scaling of tubule diameter with membrane rigidity and its ratio to the rigidity of the protein layer – predictions the authors are able to confirm experimentally.

Figure 1, taken directly from Figure 1 of Yuan et al. 2020 under a Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Protein phase separation on membranes drives assembly of protein-lined tubules. (a) Pictorial representation of his-FUS LC liquid-liquid protein phase separation on GUV membranes and inward tubule formation. Green lines represent FUS LC proteins. Grey domains indicated 6×his tags, and the black dots indicate Ni-NTA lipids. (b-f) Representative super-resolution images of GUVs incubated with 0.5 𝛍M (b) and 1 𝛍M atto-488 labeled his-FUS LC (c-g) in 25 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl buffer, pH 7.4. (b-d) Representative confocal images (lipid and protein channels) and corresponding maximum intensity projects of GUVs incubated with his-FUS LC. Some GUVs are covered uniformly by the protein (b), while others display 2D LLPS (c), which is frequently correlated with the formation of lipid tubules (d). GUV membrane composition: 93 mol% POPC, 5 mol% Ni-NTA, 2 mol% DPEG10 biotin and 0.1 mol% Texas Red-DHPE. All scale bars correspond to 5 𝛍m.

Perspective

These new exciting findings by Yuan et al reveal a novel membrane-bending mechanism that does not rely on rigid protein scaffolds, but is driven by protein phase-separation. Given how ubiquitous liquid-liquid phase separation appears to be in cells, it will be particularly exciting to focus on the material properties of protein condensates and their potential mechanical interactions with different cellular structures. The preprint also raises the intriguing possibility that structured protein domains might act cooperatively with phase-separated disordered domains to sculpt membranes.

Questions for the authors

The idea of this new paradigm for membrane deformation is really intriguing: could the authors speculate about which proteins might reach sufficient concentrations within cells for phase separation while also binding membranes strongly enough?
If we consider a potential role for this process in the formation of trafficking vesicles, would one expect that the protein-lined vesicles have different properties in terms of their stability and ability to fuse with other membranes? Do you ever observe fusion of different tubules?
What factors determine the differential enrichment of protein in the tubule vs the rest of the membrane surface? Depending on the condition this seems to vary from uniform intensity of protein in the tubule and membrane, to total enrichment in the tubule.
In a related question, do the authors think that this new membrane bending mechanism could be tuned effectively enough to be exploited in synthetic applications – for example, to deliver proteins into cells?

References

[1] McMahon, H. T. & Boucrot, E. Membrane curvature at a glance. J. Cell Sci. 128, 1065–1070 (2015).

[2] Busch, D. J. et al. Intrinsically disordered proteins drive membrane curvature. Nat. Commun. 6, 1–11 (2015).

[3] Snead, W. T. et al. BAR scaffolds drive membrane fission by crowding disordered domains. J. Cell Biol. 218, 664–682 (2019).

Tags: membrane bending, phase separation

Posted on: 1st June 2020 , updated on: 16th June 2020

doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/prelights.21454

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Author's response

Jeanne Stachowiak and Padmini Rangamani shared

The idea of this new paradigm for membrane deformation is really intriguing: could the authors speculate about which proteins might reach sufficient concentrations within cells for phase separation while also binding membranes strongly enough?

This is a great question, and we don’t know the answer yet. But we are interested in structures like cytoskeletal protrusions and viral buds, where a dense, interconnected network of proteins is known to exist.

If we consider a potential role for this process in the formation of trafficking vesicles, would one expect that the protein-lined vesicles have different properties in terms of their stability and ability to fuse with other membranes? Do you ever observe fusion of different tubules?

This is interesting to think about. We have not observed tubules fusion, though we haven’t really gone looking for it.

What factors determine the differential enrichment of protein in the tubule vs the rest of the membrane surface? Depending on the condition this seems to vary from uniform intensity of protein in the tubule and membrane, to total enrichment in the tubule.

This is something we could look into with our existing data. Without having done that, I would expect that as the salt concentration increases, the protein may partition more strongly to the protein-rich phase, which makes up the tubules.

In a related question, do the authors think that this new membrane bending mechanism could be tuned effectively enough to be exploited in synthetic applications – for example, to deliver proteins into cells?

A very interesting idea…some recent papers have suggested that cell surface receptors participate in membrane-associated LLPS. From the perspective of our preprint, we would expect those interactions to promote invaginations into the cell, which could reinforce the curvature of endocytic vesicles. So one could imagine trying to harness or enhance those interactions to promote uptake and ultimately delivery.

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Membrane bending by protein phase separation

Giulia Paci and Gautam Dey

Context

Key outcomes

Perspective

Questions for the authors

References

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